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Principal Investigator  
Principal Investigator's Name: Rema Terada
Institution: Jikei University School of Medicine
Department: Department of Psychiatry
Country:
Proposed Analysis: In the first step, we will conduct a cross-sectional analysis. Statistical tests will be performed with a two-tailed test and Bonferroni correction will be applied for each multiple regression analysis to control the multiple comparisons. Continuous and categorical variables will be described as the mean±standard deviation (SD) and number (%), respectively. First, stepwise multiple regression analyses will be performed to examine whether hearing loss, age, sex, ApoE type, past history of depression, and MMSE score could predict SUVR (i.e., index of amyloid-β deposition) of the bilateral frontal, anterior/posterior cingulate, lateral parietal, and lateral temporal cortices among the participants with HC, MCI, and AD. Next, stepwise multiple regression analyses will be conducted to examine whether the aforementioned independent variables can predict glucose metabolism as measured by FDG-PET among those three groups in the bilateral angular, post cingulum, temporal cortices, separately. Finally, we will perform stepwise multiple regression analyses to examine whether the aforementioned independent variables can predict total brain volume and hippocampal volume among these three groups, except that for the analysis of the hippocampal volume, total brain volume will be added as an independent variable in the statistical model. In the second step, we will conduct a longitudinal analysis. We will carry out mixed-effect models to observe longitudinal changes: in clinical symptoms of dementia, hearing ability, and AD related biomarkers such as amyloid-β, glucose metabolism, and brain volumes. The aforementioned clinical variables will be compared between 1) healthy controls with hearing loss group, 2) healthy controls without hearing loss group, 3) MCI with hearing loss group, 4)MCI without hearing loss group, 5)AD with hearing loss group and 6)AD without hearing loss group; mixed model analysis, which included baseline aforementioned variables as covariates, group, time, and interaction between group and time as fixed effects, and a subject-specific intercept as a random effect was carried out.
Additional Investigators  
Investigator's Name: Shunichiro Shinagawa
Proposed Analysis: In the first step, we will conduct a cross-sectional analysis. Statistical tests will be performed with a two-tailed test and Bonferroni correction will be applied for each multiple regression analysis to control the multiple comparisons. Continuous and categorical variables will be described as the mean±standard deviation (SD) and number (%), respectively. First, stepwise multiple regression analyses will be performed to examine whether hearing loss, age, sex, ApoE type, past history of depression, and MMSE score could predict SUVR (i.e., index of amyloid-β deposition) of the bilateral frontal, anterior/posterior cingulate, lateral parietal, and lateral temporal cortices among the participants with HC, MCI, and AD. Next, stepwise multiple regression analyses will be conducted to examine whether the aforementioned independent variables can predict glucose metabolism as measured by FDG-PET among those three groups in the bilateral angular, post cingulum, temporal cortices, separately. Finally, we will perform stepwise multiple regression analyses to examine whether the aforementioned independent variables can predict total brain volume and hippocampal volume among these three groups, except that for the analysis of the hippocampal volume, total brain volume will be added as an independent variable in the statistical model. In the second step, we will conduct a longitudinal analysis. We will carry out mixed-effect models to observe longitudinal changes: in clinical symptoms of dementia, hearing ability, and AD related biomarkers such as amyloid-β, glucose metabolism, and brain volumes. The aforementioned clinical variables will be compared between 1) healthy controls with hearing loss group, 2) healthy controls without hearing loss group, 3) MCI with hearing loss group, 4)MCI without hearing loss group, 5)AD with hearing loss group and 6)AD without hearing loss group; mixed model analysis, which included baseline aforementioned variables as covariates, group, time, and interaction between group and time as fixed effects, and a subject-specific intercept as a random effect was carried out.